Neurosis of acquired helplessness and role of hypoxia in the formation of this disorder in rats.

Acquisition of instrumental defense response with pain reinforcement uncertainty (25% reinforcement) induced the development of acquired helplessness in 50% rats. Acquired helplessness is characterized by the absence of responses to conditioned (light) and unconditioned stimuli (pain), minor response of plasma corticosterone to learning, gas markers of circulatory cerebral hypoxia (Delta A/V pO2 carotid artery/jugular vein), low sensitivity to severe hypobaric conditions, and high resistance of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Piracetam improved learning and prevented the development of acquired helplessness. Local changes in cerebral blood flow and energy deficit in neurons responsible for emotional stress during acquired helplessness impair adaptive capacity, but reduce energy consumption and protect neuronal structures.

[The characteristics of catecholamine metabolism in patients in the initial stage of hypertension]. / Osobennosti obmena katekholaminov u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu nachal'noi stadii.

Catecholamines metabolism (24-h excretion, circadian rhythm of DOPA, dopamine, homovanillic acid, adrenaline, noradrenaline, vanilmandelic acid) was investigated in 124 young males with stage I essential hypertension treated by cranial electrostimulation. Relative activity of this metabolism stages was assessed. Patients with early stages of essential hypertension seem to have enhanced secretory and metabolic activity of the sympathetic link of the sympathoadrenal system with associated dopamine dysbolism; relative deficiency of dopaminergic system with activation of dopamine conversion to homovanillic acid in its intact conjugation. It is suggested that a marked increase of the ratio noradrenaline/dopamine may serve a biochemical marker of essential hypertension and risk of the disease progression.

[The activity of the neurohumoral regulatory systems, the status of the electrolyte balance and the clinical efficacy of Renitec in hypertension patients]. / Aktivnost' nekotorykh sistem neirogumoral'noi reguliatsii, sostoianie élektrolitnogo balansa i klinicheskaia éffektivnost' reniteka u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Hypotensive effect of renitek (enalapril maleate) was assessed by activity of some neuroregulation systems and electrolyte balance in 16 patients with essential hypertension (EH). Maximal time of treatment for the assessment was 14 days. Renitek in a single dose 20-40 mg/day produced a response in 80% of EH stage II patients with low activity of plasma renin (PR). A hypotensive effect of the drug proved more essential in patients with higher baseline urinary excretion of aldosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and sodium. This effect is associated with stimulation of PR activity, urinary excretion of sodium, reduction in plasma and 24-h urine of aldosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations. Renitek nonresponders exhibited high aldosterone concentration in plasma and its normal excretion with urine, diminished sodium excretion with urine. After 2 weeks of treatment blood and urine hormones were close to the initial levels while sodium excretion with urine went down.

[The antihypertensive activity of benazepril in the long-term treatment of hypertension patients and its effect on adrenal cortical function]. / Antigipertenzivnaia aktivnost' benazeprila pri dolgosrochnom lechenii bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu i vliianie ego na funktsiiu kory nadpochechnikov.

Changes in arterial hypertension, heart rate and adrenocortical hormones (11-OCS, aldosteron, progestins) in the blood and 24-h urine were followed up in the course of 24-week use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril (10-20 mg once a day) in 24 patients with mild and moderate essential hypertension (EH) included in a placebo-controlled randomized study. A 2 and 24-week antihypertensive response was achieved in 75 and 71% of patients, respectively. 24-h urinary excretion of corticosteroids before the treatment was increased. After the treatment benazepril reduced excretion of 11-OCS by 42%, but not of aldosteron the levels of which decreased only within the first 2 weeks of treatment. The above trends in changes of gluco- and mineralocorticoid activity should be taken into consideration in long-term treatment of EH with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme.

[Pathogenetic aspects of early stages of hypertension and possibilities of non-drug treatment]. / Patogeneticheskie osobennosti nachal'nykh stadii gipertonicheskoi bolezni i vozmozhnosti nelekarstvennoi terapii.

A comprehensive study of young patients with early hypertensive disease (HD) has revealed their constitutional personality traits which result at long-term traumatization (in addition to exogenous stresses, there is an intrapersonal conflict) in the autonomic nervous disintegration syndrome, lowered parasympathetic effects in the presence of hypersympathicotonia. There is markedly impaired secretion in the dopaminergic link of the sympathoadrenal system along with a steady-state increase in norepinephrine:dopamine ratio, which may be regarded as a possible marker (a risk factor) of HD progression. The decreased secretion of the antistressors dopamine and beta-endorphin can also make a contribution to the progression of HD and its evolution.

[Morphofunctional state of the heart and activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in patients with chronic heart failure during treatment with captopril]. / Morfofunktsional'noe sostoianie serdtsa i aktivnost' kallikrein-kininovoi sistemy u bol'nykh s khronicheskoi serdechnoi nedostatochnost'iu pri lechenii preparatami kaptoprila.

Coronary patients with heart failure (HF) stage I-III received captopril. The drug was found to attenuate symptoms of HF, to reduce the size of the left heart, to improve contractility. For stage HF I, kallikrein urinary excretion was similar to that of normal subjects, while in stage II-III patients it fell significantly. Captopril induced a drop in relevant secretion for stage I and a rise for stage II-III subjects. The drug administration did not influence the relations between the initial serum Na levels and kallikrein urinary excretion, nor it changed serum levels of Na and K. Alterations in morphofunctional characteristics of the heart and changes in diurnal urinary excretion of kallikrein demonstrated close relationships.

[Clopheline as a component of general anesthesia during surgery in elderly and aged patients]. / Klofelin kak komponent obshchei anestezii pri operatsiiakh u bol'nykh pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta.

Clopheline (2-3 micrograms/kg; 2-2.2 micrograms/kg in weak patients) as a component of premedication, for the induction to anesthesia, and in combined endotracheal anesthesia as an analgesic and vegetostabilizing agent has been used in 150 patients, aged 60 to 85 years during planned and emergency surgery. Reduced doses of barbiturates (3 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1.5-2.1 micrograms/kg for the induction to anesthesia and 0.5-0.67 micrograms/kg for analgesia maintenance) were used. At certain stages use was made of droperidol, beginning with a test dose 1.25 mg and not exceeding 5 mg during surgery. The use of clopheline in this category of patients ensures neurovegetative inhibition adequate to the operation stress. In 80% of patients favourable hemodynamic changes have been observed. 20% of patients require droperidol administration at a dose 1.25-5 mg during surgery. Due to low doses, the risk of complication associated with the use of narcotic analgesics in elderly and old patients is reduced considerably.

[A comparative evaluation of methods of determining melanogen in the urine of patients with steroid-dependent bronchial asthma]. / Sravitel'naia otsenka metodov opredeleniia melanogena v moche u bol'nykh steroidozavisimoi bronkhial'noi astmoi.

Fifty-four patients with steroid-dependent asthma of varying severity during exacerbation were examined to compare the efficacies of urinary melanogen measurement techniques. Jaksch's, Tormelen's methods, and the technique with 2M sulfuric acid were used. The tests were positive in but 3 (15%) patients with a medium severe course of the process and in 23 (68%) ones with a grave condition. Jaksch's and Tormelen's tests were similar in sensitivity, and the hydrochloric acid test was less demonstrative. Melanuria manifestation may be regarded as an early preclinical sign of adrenal insufficiency. Pigment metabolism studies in patients treated with steroids for a long time may be used as an extra method for the assessment of adrenocortical function and for monitoring the course of glucocorticosteroid therapy.

[The effect of physical training on the indices of the general hemodynamics and kinin-kallikrein system activity in hypertension patients]. / Vliianie fizicheskikh trenirovok na pokazateli obshchei gemodinamiki i aktivnosti kinin-kallikreinovoi sistemy u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Forty men aged 30-60 years suffering from stage-II essential hypertension were examined for the general hemodynamics, the level of prekallikrein (PK) and kallikrein-like activity (KLA) of blood plasma, and kallikrein excretion with urine. The examinations were made before and after 30 weeks of exercise. Before such a course of exercise the response of the cardiovascular system and of the kinin-kallikrein system (KKS) to exercise was characterized by a significant rise of systolic, diastolic medium-hemodynamic arterial pressure, heart rate and kallikrein excretion with urine together with the lack changes in PK and KLA of blood plasma. No correlations were established between the KKS, which is likely to be determined by the disease. After the course of exercise there was a significant reduction of all the initial characteristics of the general hemodynamics, KLA, a close to significant increase of the PK level and a well-defined tendency towards lowering of kallikrein excretion with urine, and less remarkable response of all the parameters of both systems to standard exercise. A reverse correlation (r = -0.57) was established between the PK level and KLA at rest which may attest to a positive influence of exercise on the recovery of the correlations between the parameters of the KKS.

[The effect of acute ACTH1-24 loading on the steroid hormone and prolactin content of the blood serum in women with hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenism]. / Vliianie ostroi nagruzki AKTG1-24 na soderzhanie steroidnykh gormonov i prolaktina v syvorotke krovi zhenshchin s giperprolaktinemiei i giperandrogeniei.

Adrenocortical and ovarian function in women with hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenism was evaluated using the functional ACTH1-24-test (with syncorpin--25 U/ml), a radioimmunoassay was used to estimate the levels of II-OCS, androgens, progestins, estrogens and prolactin in the blood serum of 29 women with primary prolactinemic hypogonadism (HG), in 15--with hyperandrogenic ovarian dysfunction, in 27--with the hypothalamic syndrome of neuro-endocrine type, and in 13 healthy women. Marked interference of a clinical picture was found in patients with disturbed menstrual and reproductive function with relation to the presence of galactorrhea and hirsutism. All the examinees retained glucocorticoid function. Patients with hyperprolactinemia demonstrated an increase in the basal concentration of the ovarian androgen androstenedione in the absence of its response to ACTH. The level of 17-oxyprogesterone in them was decreased. A paradoxical response of prolactin to syncorpin was observed in patients with microprolactinemia, the syndrome of the "empty" Turkish saddle and functional type of HG.

[The treatment of patients with the hemorrhagic form of erysipelas by using amben and parmidine]. / Lechenie bol'nykh s gemorragicheskoi formoi rozhi ambenom i parmidinom.

Amben (fibrinolysis inhibitor) and parmidin (bradykinin inhibitor) were used as pathogenetic treatment of 38 and 36 patients with hemorrhagic erysipelas respectively. Early amben treatment proved clinically rather effective and was accompanied by normalization of fibrinolysis and kallikrein-kinin system. Parmidin treatment resulted only in pain control, other subjective signs, normalization of the kallikrein-kinin system while fibrinolysis activity was maintained at former levels.

[Immunoenzyme analysis of insulin antibodies in human blood serum]. / Immunofermentnyi analiz antitel i insulinu v syvorotke krovi cheloveka.

Indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for the titration of antibodies to insulin in human blood sera. The modification suggested by the authors permits assessing the immunoglobulins G and M insulin-binding ability. The technique was optimized for all the stages of analysis and a method for estimating the insulin-binding ability of IgG in the sera diluted 1:80 and of IgM in the sera diluted 1:320 was developed. Fifty blood sera of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were analyzed. EIA results were in good correlation with the findings of radioimmunoassay.

[A photometric method of determining the activity of antithrombin III using a peptide coumarylamide substrate]. / Fotometricheskii metod opredeleniia aktivnosti antitrombina III s ispol'zovaniem peptidnogo kumarilamidnogo substrata.

Toz-Gly-Pro-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide is recommended for antithrombin-III (AT-III) photometry as a substrate. This substrate is cleaved by thrombin at 366 nm. AT-III photometry with this substrate is in accord with the requirements to methods used in clinical laboratory diagnosis, and the results of such measurement are in good correlation with the data of AT-III analysis with Chromozym-TH substrate. Use of photometry with methylcoumaryl substrates for measuring protease activities is more available than the traditional fluorometry.